![]() ![]() That is, although the same pair of pictures was presented, their order of presentation affected how similar the two images appeared to be. When the first picture shown was a close-up (eliciting boundary extension in memory), and the second picture was a more wide-angle view of the same scene, the magnitude of the perceived change in the views was less than when the order was reversed. On trials in which study and test views did not match, namely close-wide (C-W) and wide-close (W-C) trials, a critical asymmetry was observed, consistent with prior behavioral studies (Hubbard, Hutchison, & Courtney, 2010). ![]() When the same images were presented at study and at test, close-close (C-C) and wide-wide (W-W), participants rated the test pictures as more close up than before (indicating boundary extension in memory). Their results yielded the typical patterns diagnostic of boundary extension. Our research question here was whether in terms of signal detection theory (SDT), boundary extension as measured by the rating scale is due to criterion bias, or discrimination sensitivity, or both. The most frequently used measure of boundary extension is a 5-point rating scale that requires participants to indicate if a test view is the same, more close-up, or farther away than before (Intraub & Richardson, 1989). At test, when participants attempt to remember the viewed region alone, misattribution of the mentally constructed continuation of the view to vision causes boundary extension. Thus a multisource scene representation is constructed that reflects the visual information as well as its likely surrounding context. These processes include amodal continuation of surfaces (Fantoni, Hilger, Gerbino, & Kellman, 2008 McDunn, Siddiqui, & Brown, 2014) and amodal completion of any objects that may be occluded by the boundary (Michotte, 1954), as well as expectations and constraints from rapid scene classification (e.g., Greene & Oliva, 2009) and object-to-context associations (Bar, 2004). In the first stage, visual scene information is perceived and rapidly elicits top-down processing that supports construction of the anticipated continuation of the view. One theoretical explanation of boundary extension is provided by the multisource model of scene representation (Intraub, 2010, 2012). Instead, our results support the idea that participants' responses reflect false memory beyond the view (i.e., a more wide-angle view of the world). The discrimination sensitivity difference was at least 28%, and its presence refuted the hypothesis that boundary extension was due solely to participants' response bias to label test pictures as more wide-angled. We found that both discrimination sensitivity and bias contributed to the boundary extension effect. At test, either the identical view or a different view (a closer or wider angle version of the same scene) were presented and participants rated the test image as being the same or different than before on a 6-point scale. In our experiments, participants first studied pictures presented as close-up or wide-angle views. We report two visual memory experiments that allowed us to explore boundary extension in terms of SDT. Despite the large number of studies on this phenomenon, performance has never been considered in terms of signal detection theory (SDT). After viewing a scene, people often remember having seen more of the world than was originally visible, an error referred to as boundary extension.
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